Human Rights And Criminal Justice In United Kingdom - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1533 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Psychology Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Decrease the appeal of gambling to reduce problem gambling For young men aged 18-24 in the state of Victoria, Australia. In Australia, there are more than 1,100 gaming tables, 199,271 gaming machines (99,826 in NSW alone), very nearly 6,000 venues that give gaming machines, 4,756 lottery outlets and 4,652 TAB outlets (Australian Gaming Council, 2008/09). Betting venues are situated in rural territories of every single major citie and towns. Of unique note, venues have a tendency to be bunched in territories with lower financial status (Livingstone Woolley, 2007). Australians spend over $18 billion every annum on betting, or $1,500 every capita, with 60 every penny of this use being lost on electronic gaming machines (EGMs), basically situated in clubs and lodgings (Productivity Commission, 2009). This sum is extensively higher than in different wards, for example, New Zealand ($495 every capita), Canada ($393 every capita) and the United States ($325 every capita) (Delfabbro, 2010). Risk factors for problem gambling Issue betting rates change as indicated by the demographic attributes of people and additionally their favored mode Of the 15 every penny of Australians who bet consistently, around 10 every penny can be named issue card sharks and a further 15 every penny as confronting moderate danger. Efficiency Commission, 2009 DECEMBER 2010 13 betting (Profitability Commission, 2009). When in doubt, men are essentially more inclined to be issue players then ladies (proportion 60:40 in many overviews). More youthful individuals, matured 18-30 years, are generally twice as liable to be issue players as the individuals who are more seasoned. Vitally, issue players are more inclined to be the individuals who are socially distraught through having lower earnings or being unemployed. They are likewise, generally speaking, more prone to be single or isolated. Indigenous Australians are more prone to experience betting issues than no n-Indigenous individuals (Youthful et al., 2007). This more noteworthy weakness has been ascribed to an assortment of variables, including the constrained scope of option relaxation exercises for Indigenous individuals in some urban focuses, co-morbidities including more prominent substance misuse and mental issues, and the general appeal of betting to groups with lower salaries and less different chances to gain cash. A noteworthy danger component for issue betting is the kind of action to which individuals are uncovered. In spite of the fact that issue players commonly participate in a more extensive scope of betting exercises than different speculators, most measurable models demonstrate that consistent types of betting, for example, gaming machines, hustling or clubhouse table recreations, are destined to be distinguished as the reason for issues (Dowling et al., 2005). The vicinity of companions and relatives whose social lives spin around betting, and the extent to which betting is acknowledged as a true blue hobby by others in the group, additionally include dangers. For instance, the betting conduct of relatives, especially fathers, is an imperative danger component for the advancement of betting issues. A progression of studies particularly intended to research the intergenerational transmission of betting issues (Dowling et al., 2010) found that up to 10 every penny of people are brought up in families with an issue betting relative (folks or kin). The discoveries of this venture obviously recognized that people brought up in issue betting families are more inclined to create betting issues themselves than people brought up in non-issue betting families, even subsequent to controlling for a scope of applicable socio-demographic elements, relative psychopathology, and simultaneous family stressors. In particular, people with fathers with issue betting were 10.7 to 13.5 times more probable, and those with moms with issue betting were 6.7 to 10.6 times more probable, to show issue betting conduct than their associates . 1) TREATMENT TOPIC ONE: SETTING GOALS This first subject will request that you characterize your objective concerning betting. Your objective will help manage your endeavors all through the project. We will give layouts of 2 unique sorts of objectives, stopping betting totally or decreasing. We will likewise give you some direction as to which objective may be ideal for you 2) TREATMENT TOPIC TWO: STRENGTHENING YOUR COMMITMENT Numerous people who choose to change a propensity that is bringing on them issues do as such due to an emergency or a sudden torrential slide of issues. While this may be exceptionally spurring at to start with, this kind of inspiration some of the time does not keep going long. Therefore, what appeared like a smart thought at one time (that is, taking care of your betting) may now appear to be less critical or basic. To encourage keep this transpiring, this subject will cau se augment your inspiration to change your betting by helping you to look at the part betting has had in your life and its belongings, both great and terrible, in an exceptionally legit and open way. We likewise will investigate some of your imperative individual qualities and the way betting may have undermined them. 3) TREATMENT TOPIC THREE: TAKING ACTION In Treatment Topic Three, we will talk about some viable routes for you to rapidly roll out improvements in your betting conduct. We realize that you might as of now have done a lot all alone so this may be similar to a refresher for you. We will request that you consider how you invest your free energy, with whom you spend it, and your relationship to cash. You can, and presumably have officially begun to, settle on distinctive choices about how you carry on with your life and invest your accessible free energy and cash. The objective of this session is to fortify your endeavors at changing your way of life so that betting no more fits in. Regardless of the fact that you have officially quit betting, perusing this area will serve as a decent synopsis and survey. We will likewise talk about adapting to urges, enticements and yearnings, which most card sharks encounter in the wake of reducing or ceasing. Since we realize that desires and enticements can be a genuine obstruction to your betting objective, we will talk about methods for adapting to them. 4) TREATMENT TOPIC FOUR: TRACKING YOUR THOUGHTS We realize that numerous card sharks create solid convictions about their possibilities of winning, how to win, how to abstain from losing, etc. These convictions can be a difficult issue in the long haul since regardless they give the fantasy that you may have the capacity to inevitably succeed at betting. Despite the fact that you may curtail or stop completely, these betting considerations and convictions dont for the most part vanish all alone. They have to be examined and specifically treated. In this theme we will take a gander at particular convictions and disposition about betting and winning that may apply to you, how to recognize them, and what to do when they turn into a danger to your treatment objective. 5) TREATMENT TOPIC FIVE: HEALING RELATIONSHIPS In this session, we inspect the condition of your associations with the individuals you think about the most. As is valid with any propensity that has escaped from control, you are by all account not the only one who endures. Numerous others can likewise be hurt, concerned, or somehow influenced by betting. As a feature of your recuperation, it is imperative to make a move to enhance these connections however much as could be expected. We realize that this may take longer than should be possible in a short treatment program. Be that as it may, by recognizing it right now, and being prepared to take care of these connections prior as opposed to later, we want to enhance your accomplishment in controlling this prope nsity and enhancing your personal satisfaction. 6) TREATMENT TOPIC SIX: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE The center of the period until the 6th session will be to be vigilant for any snags or deterrents that you experience which impede adhering to your treatment objective or that are impeding dealing with your betting effectively. Point Six is an essential session on the grounds that it is a method for verifying what is and isnt working for you. While the material in every area may sound exceptionally sensible and supportive, in some cases applying it to your own circumstance may be troublesome. You may find that the betting propensity is more grounded than you suspected or you think that it difficult to keep to your objective. Whatever the trouble, this session will bail you make sense of how to get over these impediments. In the event that, nonetheless, everything is going extremely well, then you ought to compress what is working and how to fortify References Australian Gaming C ouncil (2008/09).A database on Australiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s gambling industries.Melbourne: Australian Gaming Council. Delfabbro, P.H. (2010).Exploring the myths around gambling. Paper presented at Gambling Awareness Week, Melbourne Town Hall, Melbourne. Dowling, N., Smith, D., Thomas, T. (2005). Electronic gaming machines: Are they the crack-cocaine of gambling?Addiction, 100,33-45. Dowling, N.A., Jackson, A.C., Thomas, S.A., Frydenberg, E.F. (2010).Children at risk of developing problem gambling. A report to Gambling Research Australia.Gambling Research Australia website search function Livingstone, C., Woolley, R. (2007). Risky business: A few provocations on the regulation of electronic gaming machines.International Gambling Studies, 7, 361-376. Productivity Commission (2009).Gambling. Productivity Commission Draft Report. Canberra: Productivity Commission. Young, M., Barnes, T., Stevens, M., Paterson, M., Morris, M. (2007). The changing landscape of indigen ous gambling in Northern Australia: Current knowledge and future directions.International Gambling Studies, 7, 327à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"344. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Human Rights And Criminal Justice In United Kingdom" essay for you Create order

Essay Psychological Causes of Depression - 702 Words

Psychological Causes of Depression The actual causes of depression are still unknown today but there are a few theories that could help explain them. It is widely believed by psychologists and scientists that all mental disorders are brought about by a complex correlation of psychological, biological, and social factors. A serious loss, chronic illness, relationship problem, work stress, family crisis, financial setback, or any unwelcome life change can ignite a depressive disorder (Psychologyinfo.com). Depression is a serious disorder in the United States and has only become more prevalent among individuals as their lives become more stressful and overwhelming. One theory for the cause of depression is the bio-psycho-social model of†¦show more content†¦An assortment of psychological factors appears to play a part in the susceptibility to these unrelenting types of depression. People who have low self-esteem, are not optimistic, and readily overwhelmed by stress, are prone to depression (Grohol, 2006). Mor e than likely, these psychological factors are completely accountable for other forms of mild and moderate depression, particularly reactive depression. Reactive depression is generally diagnosed as an adjustment disorder during treatment. Social learning factors also demonstrate why psychological complications appear to occur more regularly in family members, throughout generations. For example, if a child is raised in a pessimistic household, in which discouragement is frequent and encouragement is not, the child will establish a vulnerability to depression as well. (Psychologyinfo.com., et al). Recently, researchers have found that physical changes in the body can be paired with psychological changes as well. Medical ailments such as a cancer, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, heart attack, and hormonal disorders can bring about a depressive illness. This can result in the ill person to feel unconcerned with their health and be unwilling to further care for their physical needs. In addition, any stressful change, financial problems, relationship problems, or serious loss can activate a depressive affair (Grohol, 2006). Depression is a serious growing problem in the UnitedShow MoreRelatedEssay on Depression972 Words   |  4 Pages Depression. Depression is one of the most common psychological problems, affecting nearly everyone through either personal experience or through depression in a family member. The cost in human suffering cannot be estimated. Depression can interfere with normal functioning, and frequently causes problems with work, social and family adjustment. It causes pain and suffering not only to those who have a disorder, but also to those who care about them. 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Gay community Free Essays

string(100) " group publications in Europe and America in ass of which Terrine, Sammie, and Dost were prominent\." But the same has never been accepted in any society of the world even though there are traces of such reactive that goes on off the curtain including India. Sherry Joseph through his study made an attempt to understand the Indian Gay and Lesbian movement through the wider perspectives of identity politics. In an era of gay and lesbian normalization, the homosexual immigrants of Indian subcontinent demanded in Britain and America: An agenda within a racist climate different from the agenda imposed by white gays and lesbians. We will write a custom essay sample on Gay community or any similar topic only for you Order Now The impact of colonial history and concepts of orientation upon world- views and perceptions has played a central role in how non white people have been defined†¦ Silenced in both south Asian patriarchal societies and the white gay communities in America and Europe, the south Asian gays and lesbians have had to invent themes, often with new terms of identification (2228). The identification of one†s sexual behavior is again the product of the western ideology as the entire West rests on Christian values as their prime ideological moorings. In post colonial era scholars of the empire began to deliberate on a new terminology that can be conveniently used to identify people not preferring to be heterosexual. Thus came, the term alternate sexualities mainly as â€Å"an attempt to colonize the general notion and establish the existence of various expressions of sexualities surrounding scriptures, arts, life histories etc. â€Å"sheep: 2229). VOLVO. 1, ISSUE 5, JUNE 2014 www. Manipulability. Mom 41 Even with such terms the real scenario of gays and lesbians in India is that they continue to be a band of ostracizes group, socially excluded, and are subjected to homophobia. Attain is more concerned with the contemptuous view of the society upon the homosexuals what brought them down as a minority with a degradingly low social respect. He attempts to undo, if not legally approve, mainly homophobia, a ERM that refers to unreasonable fear of the gays or lesbians. A subjectivity of human beings is again centered with an appeal to all that they may in every way be treated as human being the way the third wave of feminism vouch for treating women not as a gendered identity, instead they should be looked at and thought of as human beings first . A change of attitude is the central focus. It†s a fact that the majority of people in any given society are heterosexual and the identity is based on the penetrate heterosexuality. Naturally, people with same sex behavior are not only a minority, but also practice of such is a taboo, inasmuch as the Judder- Christian values and beliefs held that non-procreative sexual acts were a sin against nature and consequently frowned upon in the culture. This value system shaped the legal binding on sodomy’s as a criminal offence as seen in the Indian Penal Code (EPIC) Joseph: 2228). The entire world is still in a suspended state as to its stand on validating gay marriages on moral grounds and value system. The values also has undergone change over the years especially, after the postmodern scenario of anti essentialist and anti foundational. Gay and lesbian movement all over the world as caught the attention of people in general into thinking on the issue seriously. President and Founder of the Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry, Matt Slick feels his concern to write on the subject as: Homosexuals want others in society to accept them as normal people with normal sexual behavior patterns. They are working hard to change moral, social, and political opinion to be more in line with what they want. They are not content to be by themselves. They want others to accept them as a philosophically, morally, and ideologically valid. They want to change the opinions of people. In short, they want to change society. Therefore, it is necessary to write about something that can so drastically affect the moral fabric of this country (Matt Slick. CARR). Attain also has felt the same concern for Indian homosexuals. Scriptural truth is a permanent reality, yet values keep changing over time with the multifarious development of the world in an ever changing world of ours. Further, Attain is Justified in his handling the controversial issues openly in drama as in the West the Journal like Human Events has Justified the cause that: If we are on the right side of one of the greatest social, oral and spiritual issues of our time, then we need to dig deep, hold our ground, strengthen our commitment and redouble our efforts, regardless of cost or consequence on an almost daily basis, the mainstream media assures us of two things: Just as many conservatives and VOLVO. ISSUE 6 42 traditionalists were on the wrong side of slavery, segregation and women†s rights, we are on the wrong side of the gay rights issue today†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ( Traditional Osteoarthritis Values) Indian gay and lesbian movement gained ground during ass onward and they have common goals of opting for same sex marital relationship or like a living- gather like any other heterosexuals. Both of the communities might be disapproved by the general Indian mass, yet they differ in terms of th e power relation they occupy or the space they could create for themselves. Certainly, gays have greater dominance since they belong to masculine gender and India is always a male dominant society. Indian lesbians in the ass were part of the feminist movement but later on the tie is snapped off for the same reason of societal disapproval and homophobia. The active lesbian group like Khakis† in Bombay was initially a part of he feminist movement group, but later on it stopped receiving any communication or cooperation from the later. So, rightly lesbianism deserved its legitimate place in Indian society given the age old injustice to Indian women. The present status of Indian gay and lesbian groups are rooted to the emergence of south Asian gay and lesbian group publications in Europe and America in ass of which Terrine, Sammie, and Dost were prominent. You read "Gay community" in category "Papers" Whereas, at present only three groups in three metro cities like Bombay, Madras and Delhi are functional with least number of lesbians or women activists in them. Naturally, the lesbian women stand doubly marginal’s, first by being women and then by being lesbians. Some of them may still be viewed as the marginal’s of the marginal’s who have been forced to be isolated -turned lesbians for being subjected to marital torture, dowry related oppression, sexual violence and so on. Thus, their sexual identification as lesbians is the result of their series of normalization and a shift of political consciousness. The gross normalization of the gay and lesbian community occurs from the dichotomy of home sexuality and heterosexuality. The policy of domination by the majority to minority, or by the powerful to the powerless has been as old as subjecting Eve to eat the forbidden fruit by Adam and thereby bring the hubris upon the earth. Such prominent dichotomies are black and White races in America, immigrants and natives in Europe and the US, male/female and so on. Even among women, there are black and white women in the US, upper and lower caste women in India, and other common distinctions are based on class, race community all over the the world. The third wave of feminism has some common causality with the gay-lesbian movement. Women are looked as stereotypical image as wife or as a shadow to a an. Singletons is not accepted as normal in India. Such situation forces women to go for a marriage of convenience as the case happens in the Do the Needful where Lata and Lapels accepts marriage to maintain the status quo and later on they use the liberty to pursue their own choices . The gay movement†s claim of getting fair and equitable treatment as citizens of India is quite tenable and in unison VOLVO. 1 with the article 38(1) of the directive principles of state policies of the constitution of India that states : â€Å"The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as it may a social order in which Justice, social, economic and political, shall inform all the institutions of the national life†( Directive Principles of State Policy) . Drama functions as an intellectual sap to the society mirroring the actual happenings on stage and this particular drama has shown the exact picture of the functioning of all gay people in India. It has helped creating more tolerance and space for them than it was before. Now it†s common that the gays and lesbians come together from across the country to show their solidarity and a sense f belongingness as a community by lending all possible supports for one another. Currently, India is on a path of new social and economic reformation of which class consciousness is replacing caste. Similarly, dominant social groups and structures based on tradition is giving way to differentiations which is again supported by its own discourse in a post modern setting that goes against any fundamental essentialist. On a Muggy Night in Iambi shows the intensity of gay love. The depth of experience is communicated through the stage setting in which the combination of the silhouette and the indoor present an outline of the condition of Indian gay people as a whole to the audience. One of the prominent techniques of Attain is to create the dramatic tension which highlights the depth and breadth of not only a character but also engages the readers ‘audience into their own attitudinal turmoil to the reality of human experience. Individual talent and dramatic techniques help spinning a mindset of people toward more acceptances through a slow process of evolution. It is slow because the impact reverberates into the minds of an audience and the same helps consolidate their rational approach to the vexed issue to be translated into acceptance. Attain†s themes are traditional Indian society and its design is to impact upon the gay, lesbian and on any one who is opposed to heterosexual as defined by society. The play is a realistic picture of society as to how does it affect an individual behavior when one is denied any self expression and hypocrisy is upheld for the sake of tradition. This leads to the visualization of the character against social expectations and the same question Shard in On a Muggy Night in Iambi is haunted by as the national anthem, not as the celebrated Jan Gang, Man†, but as what Makes A Man A Man† (Collected Play: 55). This question teems from his quest for existentialist and as important as the national anthem. Samples is engaged with a love of convenience or sham- love for Samples who only makes an attempt of love, but his heart is engaged somewhere else what evokes Shard†s laments: â€Å"l wasted a year of my life being a house wife for you and all I get is a kick in the ass! You beast (56)! Shard discovered that Samples was in love with Parka’s, but he too was a wounded lover, for Parka’s was more afraid of being banished by the society and hence, distanced himself. Shard loved Samples truly as he put on sinner†(vermilion) like traditional women ND wore bangles what he broke at a height of emotion, for what he found is now lost because of Parka’s. Shard helped him forget his lost-love with Parka’s but hardly could he do that as Parka’s kept cropping up to his mind painfully. Shard could not conceal his frustration of unrequited love with Samples to Deeply†s catalytic remarks that they must be back to terms of their love -relations: â€Å"If I had a lover, would I be such a bitchy? † Immediately, Deeply gets back to her natural sense of empathy for the female species saying that: Mimi can call yourself a dog, call yourself a pig, but never, ever insult a female† (59). Shard, while suggesting the guard to be shameless, accepts that the gay people are all shameless, but this comes as his deep protest against such societal taboo upon them. Deeply is more of a flat character as she does not undergo any complex changes of life and performs more like filler, yet she is dynamic in her response to a conflicting situation which is expressive of her internal dialogues, put forward as external dialogues and reactions at various points in the dramatic narrative. That†s the reason that she retorts to the example of a bitchy. She o becomes more revelatory in her plea for an acceptance for gay people. Hence, she as with Shard stands between the two categories of round and flat characters in its literary sense; or rather they are an admixture of these two and hence may be labeled as catalytic character, who help manifest the main or dynamic characters like Samples or Deed/Parka’s. She pleads for the gay men†s cause more than her own category of lesbians: â€Å"l am for gay men†s cause. Men deserve only men! (60). A distinct psychological mooring upon which one†s sexual behavior rests upon is set by the dominant discourse of any society. Attain sets a discourse through everyday language and out-on -the- street characters through distinct mode of sexism. For example, Deeply and Samples never feel any love for each other in a sense of love- making. It†s made clear when Deeply expresses that if Samples were a woman, they could be in a love and the same is reciprocated in opposite terms and finally Deeply asserts: â€Å"If we were heterosexuals, we would be married† (65). Deeply feels proud of being a woman: â€Å"Every time I menstruate, I thank God I am a woman†, the same word are suggested in a different way by Shard to register his contempt for all those who en any space for gay or lesbians: â€Å"Every time I menstruate, I thank God I am not pregnant† (66). Samples in the gathering of his gay and lesbian friends is obsessed with his lost love and separation with Parka’s and in turn he makes Shard†s life miserable. In other words, victim turns into victimizer. Parka’s, at the initial stage of the drama is a victim of social pressure what is made clear in the words of Samples himself: â€Å"He left me because he was ashamed of our relationship† (69). Samples was visiting a homophobic psychiatrist to get rid of his depression but the psychiatrist plunged him into a worse situation out of his own abomination of such gay people, for he believed only in aversion therapy which brought further depression to Samples as he VOLVO. 1 45 recalls: â€Å"Until he said I would never be happy as a gay man. It is impossible to change society, he said, but it may be possible for you to reorient yourself† (69). Arrant termed the doctor†s eccentric and homophobic view as primitive idea. In fact, the society is the great barrier what Attain†s dramatic technique and making of the characters unravel as an anti-venom against a venom of hatred for all these people who are trundling to be accepted as human beings and human dignity in the society. Bunny, the TV actor, too has experienced the same treatment of homophobia and non acceptance as gay. While all the gay friends assembled at Samples†s residence to sympathize with the tragedy of Samples, Sheehan music was pouring in. They show their antipathy by turning on CD player, for they are anguished as no such celebrations are solemnizes for them and hence, such rituals or music is, filthy hot air† (73) for them. Here, one contrast is shown: one marriage is going on with social gaiety amid colors and USIA down stairs and upstairs apartment is witnessing a break up of a gay marriage with the chanting of parallel mantra: â€Å"†¦ This city and God are witness to my vow , I break all ties with Parka’s†(73). Love for each other for these two friends is so strong that Samples could not tear up the Joint photograph with Parka’s symbolizing their conjugal relationship. From the episode of separation between these two friends begins the tragedy of Koran, a dear sister of Samples himself. She was introduced to Deed by Samples since four years. The gathering at Samples†s flat upstairs in Act l, is the hot bed of making ND breaking all gay relationship and the trauma they bear silently throughout their lives. Koran came to know for the first time in that gathering that her brother is being treated for depression. When she goes to the bedroom to unpack her belongings she is visible to the audience that she was placing a photograph on the side table indicating not only her knowledge of the relationship of her brother, but also as a powerful symbol of her ensuing tragic course of life. All the three Acts are three in one. Psychic turmoil of all the characters, their pleasure and pain, frustration and evolve against the society are balanced placing them in the silhouette and the front show of the stage setting. This Juxtaposition of interior and the exterior or the front and the back stage against each other is to create a deep impression on the audience† s mind as to the conflicts that goes in their consciousness, yet how they struggle to reconcile with the stern reality of society- a reality divorced from free expression and fair play. Samples the main character of the drama is brought in the Act II with brilliant dramatic technique in which he walks by Deed at the lonely park at round 8. 30 PM, yet not visible to the audience. He has throttled a few pegs to get rid of his depression and he divulges the fact of his coming to the park as to let someone know his story before he ends his life by committing suicide. Someone exactly listens to his story (history? ) who, in turn, is the exact cause of such wretched condition of life. Social paranoia is what troubled Deed as he was a little more reactive to people†s suspicion about his gay relationship with Parka’s that turned him into hyper vigilant against any social threat from any quarter. Samples struggles or visibility of such relationship against the blind sensibility of average people: â€Å"They can†t see us at all, although we can see them. They must be blind† (81). Then, Samples asks Deed to close his eyes, stand behind him and kiss gently to discover: â€Å"Can you see how beautiful we are† (82)? Through long pause and silence after this warmth of feeling of the two old lovers, fading light, slow music and then Samples†s appearance on front show of the stage to Join the gathering of his friends of Act I while the light reappears to create a sense of change of time and space, is a reliant technique of creating two distinct mental spaces into the minds of the audience: to recreate the subtlety of feelings of these two men off the glare of the everyday world in their minds and the dreary intercourse of the same world under the visibility of everyone in which hardly they could feel proud of and contented with what they are all about. Surreptitious orchestration of pause and silence, music, light are done to heighten their speed of the stream consciousness natural to all human beings. Social pressure is so enormous that Deed†s psychiatrist could convince him that is love is the work of a devil and through regular church going alone could absolve him of such devil. Samples also believes it and so he wants to avoid showing the photograph of their love making to his own sister, Koran, who is now going to be married with Deed. On the other hand Arrant, an European immigrant, is contrasted with his Indian counter parts of gay community. In Europe he has greater freedom of being honest to his sexual behavior but in India he might not expect the same degree of freedom: â€Å"There is such a thing as honesty. Or maybe it is the company you keep. Or maybe the company I am in† (88). Further Arrant is perturbed seeing closet homosexuals† in India and he regrets being an Indian on grounds of his vantage point of Western immigration. His statement to Bunny echoes the shifting subject of spirituality in Indian society: â€Å"l can†t seem to be both Indian and gay. But you are simply ashamed. All this sham is to cover up your shame (88). The hypocrisy of Indian society is again substantiated through Bunny†s character. He belongs to Sikh community, yet he avoids wearing a turban as he would be subjected to stereotypical role of being a Seaward . The characters are designed skillfully representing every type and category of India gay and lesbian people on stage in an effort to producing a gay ambiance within an hour or two to show what India is passing through presently. The real plight of this marginal’s community is made clear in exact terms through Deeply†s words that it is more fear of being ostracizes or a subject of homophobia than any stigma of shame attached to them. Basic human dignity is at stake for all these people in general. Being woman and lesbian is more pathetic in India when Deeply makes it pretty loud and clear: â€Å"It†s not shame, is it? With us? It†s fear†¦ Of the VOLVO. 1 47 corners we will be pushed into where we don†t want to be† (89). Attain†s effort has been to widen this corner of Indian society to make it at least as large as to accommodate these innocent Boniface citizens of a sovereign country, known for its age old tolerance and universal acceptance. Of course, India as a nation could be described in no better terms than the first address at the world parliament of religion at Chicago by Swami Vaccinated: â€Å"l am proud to belong to a nation which has sheltered the persecuted and the refugees of all religions and all nations of the earth† (Vaccinated: 3). Naturally, Attain has every reason as an artist to reinstate the glory of this great nation by upholding the cause of the marginal people toward greater tolerance and acceptance for all. Equally fluctuating is the condition of Shard†s mind after being broken from Samples. He too wants to force his way to be straight , to be a real man only to be accepted by the society, even though he knows deep down within himself that he is as gay as a goose† and seeks the advice of a psychiatrist only to invite a fresh misery in his life. Koran still thinks wishfully of a happy bond between her brother and Shard as she recalls her own life of solitude after divorce. She also warns about the gravity of misery a woman undergoes in this country Just because of male dominance. Shard†s decision to act like a straight might shatter a woman†s life: â€Å"And think of the poor woman. You may end up marrying Just as a cover up for your shame† (102). Bunny accepts that he is a gay man and keeps deceiving people through his constant denial and in the process all such gay people vacillates between the world of reality and the world of sham, finding no permanent anchor to embrace with fullness of heart. The last scene of Act Ill lays bare the absurdity of life of all the gay people on stage who are representative of entire gay community. Deed is the most pathetic character not only for Deeply, but also for every viewer or reader the way he has shattered the lives of Samples and Koran. He also could not remain immune to this wretched condition of life as a closure look and a psychological delving into his character reveals that he is more sinned against than sinning. His very purpose of marrying Koran was a matter of convenience so that he could continue his love for Samples without any suspicion from any one. Certainly, in the process he could save one life at the cost of the other and the other is a woman. Koran, while looking at the photograph of Deed and Samples kissing each other, cries out through the open window leading to the vacuous blue sky of Bombay. She must have felt the void of the sky more than anyone else who has not passed through the tormenting labyrinth of life like hers. She is that subaltern woman, conditioned to tolerate torture and untold suffering. She remembers her past life as to how she used to be beaten up by her husband ND still she continued to accept and digest all these as she believed and felt that he loved her: â€Å"l felt he loved me enough to want to hurt me† (107). She questions Deed†s motive of marrying her and the answer comes out as her dramatic monologue that all such gay people behave in a stereotypical manner VOLVO. 1 as â€Å"we Just don†t know what else to be† (107) ! The imagery of the photograph with Deed as the best couple on the floor that appears in her mind matches with the vacuous blue sky to condense the absurdity of her life. The explosion of fireworks, colored sights and loud screams of delight from the ground floor heightens the inner turmoil of a saddest thought, perhaps churning an existential dilemma in her mind. Deed in utter shame and disgust for life is completely broken down: â€Å"Where do I begin? How do I begin to live† (111)? All the characters on stage are suddenly plunged into existential dilemma in the world of uncertainty and absurdity of life. The height of the dilemma in the last scene is accentuated by more firecrackers and lusty yells from the wedding below. Lights are slowly fading to beckon the void while the pictures of Deed and Samples and Koran ND Samples are slowly evanescent from the minds of the audience before it is completely engulfed into darkness. The stage setting and delineation of the pathos of the characters, here, Just reminds one the most exact definition of short story by Arbitration Étagà ¨re: Simple events of life happy or sad, Some sad strings from the train of forgetfulness, Not fraught with heavy descriptions, Not crowded with events, No advice, no philosophy Only the feeling that the story is not yet over Although there is no more to read! (Bangladesh) Conclusion: The queer characters representing both the gays and lesbians of urban diddle class India undergo a tortuous Journey of visualization due to homophobia and social boycott of such people. Attain has been true to his calling as a dramatist to show their painful odyssey of modern India, yet how the issue escapes the thinking mass to be considered for an acceptance and a right place in the society. It†s rightly an odyssey as the victims at times turn into victimizers; thereby bringing upon them a series of miseries, little knowing what exactly ails them. The dramatist has won the heart of every one by bringing this cause of ailment, the whole truth of it, on stage with all sincerity of purpose. How to cite Gay community, Papers

Bribery And Corruption

Question: Bribery and corruption in the public sector is endemic and unavidable in all societies? Answer: Introduction Bribery has always been considered as one of the oldest concept having a long past. Since recent times, it has highly been becoming an intense problem all across the globe. In reference with the concept of bribery, more often, there might be involvement of certain current governments or scandals of corruption in politics in the past. However, as there has been development and advancement in international trade, bribery has entered the parameters of international business as well (Basu, 2011). In addition to this, the concept of corruption seems to be involved in the private sector as well. In the private sector, corruption is known to be taking a number of different forms and bribery is one of these forms. Corruption results in distorting markets and have negative effect on the entire society. This essay will be discussing the issue of corruption and bribery within the public sector as being unavoidable and endemic in each and every society. Factors Initiating Bribery and Corruption There is a list of four forms of the corruption. The number one form is grease payments and bribery. Bribery is the one form of payments sought by the officials of public or in another way offered by the agents of private company in recovery for favours acting as the contract of the government. Payment of grease is the money given to the agents of public for do work that the agents of public are earlier paid for doing this, acting as publish a license (Basu, 2011). In the second form there is grand and petty corruption. Corruption of petty is the concussion of an agent of public with a public member for corrupt the system over small transactions that are related to each other. It accordingly in many cases involves the public agent of lower level. Corruption of grand is the sabotage of the system by the agents of government at senior level, heads of state and ministers. Bureaucratic corruption is the third form of the corruption. This the misconduct of responsibility by the agents for public to circumvent or bend regulations and rules in dealing for some benefits (Abbink, 2006). In occurs mainly in the areas where there are rewards of consideration and discretion of punishment under the control of an agent. Last but not the least is the corruption in the political departments. This is the dealings of authority and influence by the leaders of political party and may increase to the favours of granting, no regularities in the financing of campaign and fraud of electoral. There are five cImpact of Demandonditions that facilitate the corruption and they are listed below: Political factors Conditions of politics that encourage corruption include weal civil liberties, in a particular form the level of freedom of press, the strength of every citizens to design the organizations of civil society, and the level of competition of political structure. Accountability and lack of transparency also include by them on the part of agents of government especially where the state have been captured by the ruling elite (Abbink, 2004). Bureaucratic factors Bureaucratic factors include the extension of the bureaucracy of the state with increase of attendant in the powers of discretionary for the bureaucrats. Bureaucracy growth allows select every individuals to earn direct approach to resources of state and to enjoy the privileges of consideration associated with the office of administrative. Legal factors The quality of a legal system of country, in a particular form the circumstance of being punished and caught meaningfully, resolve the corruption level (Abbink, 2012). This is turn related to the presence of effective laws of anti-corruption, an independent judiciary and an effective police. Economic factors Economic development level affect the sectors and forms where corruption is very common. Corruption of petty is mainly common in countries that are developing while in the countries that are developed, when the incomes goes higher it means that the corruption influence to be of a large scale (Abbink, 2006). Transnational factors Even with achieving independence, most of the countries in development suffer from new colonialism of the corruption so they deal with corruption of systemic introduced during their occupation or colonization (Apesteguia, 2007). Many of the big companies have thus given bribes to win business in the countries of third world. Impact of Demand-Side and Supply-Side Corruption Journalists, academics, businessmen, and politicians have been displaying an unusual unanimity when these contribute in condemning corruption as the probability of the most particular obstacles to the continuous growth in the economy across the globe. In the current era of globalization, the organizations of business along with their representative on frequent basis have been encountering the acts of corruption and can be considered as the simple participants, victims or perpetrators in these acts or actions (Barr, 2009). While there has been existence of international corruption in a number of different forms for a number of years, many international organizations, nations, organizations and individuals have currently been making attempts for the reduction or elimination of corrupt activities as these have harmful impact over the quality of life being maintained by the citizens and the economies at local level. A number of these types of efforts have resulted in being guided towards the supply- side of corrupt acts that is, the one making the payments of corruption. A transaction of corruption, in the typical sense involves the side of supply, that is the one paying the bribe, and the side of demand, that is the one receiving the bribe. Recent efforts of anti- corruption contribute in primarily addressing the side of supply (Basu, 2011). However, there is huge concern towards a particular focus being created on the side of supply regarding the international corruption cannot be considered as being effective in detecting and preventing the network and links of corruption. EffectivenessIn deterring bribery and corruption Irrespective of the stringent policies of the corporate world, managers have been showing temptation for doing whatever they consider important for closing a specific deal and then finding a way across in order to get caught. For a number of corporations, corruption and bribery are ranked amongst the highest significant risks and it has been found that there has been an increase in the prominence of these risks as well (Brenner, 2009). Even though in the virtual sense, not even a single business is free from risks related with bribery and other payments that are corrupt, the risk is specifically high and significant for the multinational organization and those in certain industries such as extraction of resource, retail and construction. In majority of the cases of bribery, it has been found that there are more chances of small payments being made by ordinary people to the officials, such as an amount being provided to the policemen for expunging an infraction at minor level. While the condoning of these activities is difficult, these particular practices have been identified as basic element of economy in a number of different regions or areas (Buccirossi, 2006). From the perspective of corporate worlds, there are less chances of representing a significant level of concern or risk. Looking for solution and dealing with the issue of the economy is not an easy task. Paying and receiving bribes, along with other diff erent types of facilitation benefits and fees, are a well- development element of business culture as well as the culture of government in a number of different parts across the globe. And irrespective of increasing the rules, legislations, and their enforcement, the extent to which payments of corruption and bribery have not been declining. In majority of the organizations across different nations and economies, this problem has been seen to be increasing with the passage of time, rather than being reduced. Irrespective of implementing the highly stringent policies of corporate bodies, being tempted towards this activity is important for the closure of a specific deal and hence, finding a way across to get caught is always there (Gorodnichenko, 2007). In the most preferable manner, the risks that arise out of payments of corruption and bribery are not dealt with solely and in isolation but as a significant element of a complete process for identifying, monitoring and managing the number of different risks in the faces of corporation. Conclusion The concept of corruption seems to be involved in the private sector as well. In the private sector, corruption is known to be taking a number of different forms and bribery is one of these forms. Corruption results in distorting markets and have negative effect on the entire society. While there has been existence of international corruption in a number of different forms for a number of years, many international organizations, nations, organizations and individuals have currently been making attempts for the reduction or elimination of corrupt activities as these have harmful impact over the quality of life being maintained by the citizens and the economies at local level (Lambsdorff, 2007). From the perspective of corporate worlds, there are less chances of representing a significant level of concern or risk. Bribery is the one form of payments sought by the officials of public or in another way offered by the agents of the private company. References Abbink, K. (2004). Staff rotation as an anti-corruption policy: an experimental study. European Journal of Political Economy, 20(4), pp. 887906. Abbink, K. (2012). Letting the Briber Go Free: An Experiment on Mitigating Harassment Bribes, Working Paper. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2166221. Abbink, K., (2006). Neutral versus loaded instructions in a bribery experiment. Experimental Economics, 9(2), pp. 103121. Apesteguia, J. (2007). Blowing the Whistle. Economic Theory, 31(1), pp. 143166. Barr, A. (2009). The effects of externalities and framing on bribery in a petty corruption experiment. Experimental Economics, 12(4), pp. 488503. Basu, K. (2011). Why, for a Class of Bribes, the Act of Giving a Bribe should be Treated as Legal, Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Brenner, S. (2009). An empirical study of the European corporate leniency program. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 27(6), pp. 639645. Buccirossi, P. (2006). Leniency policies and illegal transactions. Journal of Public Economics, 90(67), pp. 12811297. Gorodnichenko, Y. (2007). Public sector pay and corruption: Measuring bribery from micro data. Journal of Public Economics, 91(56), pp. 963991. Lambsdorff, J. G. (2007). Fighting Corruption with Asymmetric Penalties and Leniency, (No. 59). CEGE Discussion Paper.